Kevarim of Tzadikim in North America

Rabbi Dovid Klaper

by | Apr 11, 2008 | Beth David Cemetery - Long Island, New York, Queens / L.I., NY, Unknown | 24 comments

Rabbi Dovid Klaper

ื“ื•ื“ ื‘"ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื

Tzaddik Nister (Hidden) of New York City

Date of Death: Sun. October 6, 1935 - Tishrei 9 5696
Erev Yom Kippur

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Cemetery Details
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Cemetery Map: [xy_cemeteries field=”cemetery-map”]

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Directions to Kever: Beth David Cemetery in Elmont, NY maintains computerized records and will provide a detailed location map upon request. Location: Section: Slutzker Synagogue East Side Torah Center of New York City

Biographical Notes:


Credit: IFJCAH



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24 Comments

  1. N Schwarts
    N Schwarts on January 14, 2009 at 4:58 pm

    The Finish Line athletic chain is owned by David Klapper perhaps there is a connection.

  2. Asher
    Asher on March 7, 2010 at 11:30 pm

    Yes! it’s Klapper. That’s how it’s spelled on the bottom base (which is cut off on this picture).
    I ‘d very appreciative if someone can come up with any info.

  3. asher
    asher on October 21, 2010 at 4:58 pm

    I have uploaded more pictures.
    Would it be safe to assume that he was very well-to-do and that the ‘Nistar’ title is referring to him helping out people in a non-publicized (hidden) fashion and not that he was one of the 36 hidden tzaddikim or hidden tzadikkim, think Rav Nuchemke or Rav Borgerman (on this site) – not to compare but you get the jist what I mean.
    The marker is very impressive and distinct.

  5. YD Miller
    YD Miller on October 24, 2010 at 1:37 pm

    Thanks Asher,
    So the name is actually spelled Klapfer, that re-opens the avenue of research, at the time I have looked into this and could not find anythging on this mysterious person, who we now learn that was well off and offered his wealth to those in need.

    Is there any family members buried around him?

  6. Ben Bee Zee
    Ben Bee Zee on October 24, 2010 at 2:08 pm

    Miller I doubt that the change in spelling will give you more light to search, I have done this before and haven’t gotten anywhere.

  7. asher
    asher on October 24, 2010 at 5:36 pm

    Miller, I did not look around, Beth David is pretty far and i tend to hop in and out in less than 10-15 minutes. I was wrong with spelling of name, it looked like PP not PF, Iwas even more rushed the 1st time I visited, literally was out in 5 minutes.

    BBZ, i wouldn’t give up yet – you guys have been very successful in un-earthing the unknown.

  8. curios
    curios on October 24, 2010 at 7:10 pm

    Can we get the full inscription?

  9. asher
    asher on October 24, 2010 at 7:22 pm

    ืœื–ื›ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ื™ืง

    ‘ืค’ ื 

    ืฆื“ื™ืง ื—ืกื™ื“ ื•ืขื ื™ื•
    ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืžืจื‘ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•
    ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘
    ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
    ื›ืกืคื• ื•ืฆื“ืงืชื• ื ืชื• ื‘ืกืชืจ
    ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื
    -ื ืกืชืจ-
    ื–ื‘ืจื• ื•ืฆื“ืงืชื• ืœื‘ืจื‘ื”
    ืจ’ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘”ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื
    ืงืœืืคืคืขืจ
    ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืข”ื– ืฉื ื”
    ื˜’ ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืจืฆ”ื•
    ืช ื  ืฆ ื‘”ื”

    David Klapfer
    Died OCT. 6 1935
    Age 77 Years

  10. curios
    curios on October 24, 2010 at 7:32 pm

    Thanks. Seems like he must have been really big!

  11. asher
    asher on October 25, 2010 at 9:57 am

    The person buried on the left is R’ Simcha Epstein. Below is the complete copy.

    EPSTEIN

    ืค”ื 
    ืฉ’ื•ืžืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื
    ืž’ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื
    ื—’ืกื™ื“ ื•ืขื ื™ื• ื’ื•ืžืœ ื—ืกื“ื™ื
    ื”’ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื

    ืจ’ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื–ืœืžืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ
    ื ืค’ ื˜’ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ”ื
    ืช ื  ืฆ ื‘ ” ื”

  12. asher
    asher on October 25, 2010 at 6:25 pm

    Any idea where the Slutzker synagoe was located or who served as Rav at the time of Klapfers’ pasing?

  13. YD Miller
    YD Miller on October 25, 2010 at 10:03 pm

    BTW someone on Flickr has tons of photos of all Slutzker plots with almost 1000 photos of markers
    Google ‘david klapfer’ and you will find it,

    Here is one from Chaim Wilowsky a son of the Rydve”z http://www.flickr.com/photos/8539228@N04/527079966/ interesting that he is not mentioned in his Tzvueh (will) printed in Bies Rydve”z

  14. Ben Bee Zee
    Ben Bee Zee on October 26, 2010 at 11:12 am

    The Slutzker synagogue is still operating as the East Side Torah Center, maybe there’s a Pinkes in the shul.

  15. Ben Bee Zee
    Ben Bee Zee on October 26, 2010 at 11:14 am

    Miller I’m also wondering where it is the kever of Rabbi Yosef Kanvitz the SIL of the Rydva”z who was Rav of Elizabeth NJ

  17. Ben Bee Zee
    Ben Bee Zee on October 26, 2010 at 12:46 pm

    He was originally buried in the US and after 2 years his body was exhumed and reburied in Tzfas. Amazingly when they took out his body after 2 years it was still intact.

  18. daniel klapper
    daniel klapper on December 25, 2010 at 9:09 pm

    Hi all sounds like a wonderful person
    my name is klapper and spelt the exact way any one with more info

  19. asher
    asher on December 26, 2010 at 6:31 pm

    Daniel, the spelling on the marker is with PF (Klapfer) not PP (Klapper) – although engraved in stone, nothing is actually engraved in stoneโ€ฆ names and spellings were often Americanized and changed. Do you have a family treeโ€ฆ so far anything about him is still Nistar – hidden!

  20. YD Miller
    YD Miller on June 17, 2011 at 12:49 pm

    Asher asked above:
    “Any idea where the Slutzker synagoe was located or who served as Rav at the time of Klapfersโ€™ pasing?”

    The Beis Haknesses Anshie Slutzk was located on 34 Pike St. in NYC, I found the article in “The Sun” from Feberuary 04, 1904 when the Shul was dedicated. At that time the Rabbi was named Potechin (no first name given).

    http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1907-02-04/ed-1/seq-7/

    From what I understand, Rabbi Yaakov Eskolsky was also the Rabbi of this shul.

  21. asher
    asher on June 17, 2011 at 5:25 pm

    Thanx YD!

  22. Moshe Esccott
    Moshe Esccott on June 19, 2011 at 4:34 pm

    Correct. R. Miller – from around 1910 until around 1918.

    The Slutzker shul eventually merged with another institution to form the East Side Torah Center.

    BTW – the shul also has burial plots at the United Hebrew Cemetery in Staten Island. I have a GGGF who is buried there (R. Eskolsky’s shver)

    I have in-laws who were decsended from Potechins from Slutzk – I will have to investigate this further.

    If you want a good contact for info re: East Side Torah Center history, please contact me at eskolskyinfo@yahoo.com

  23. Roni Abiri
    Roni Abiri on July 18, 2015 at 2:23 am

    Hi all
    I am looking for any information on Klapfer family, originally from Zarnowiec, Poland
    Thanks
    Roni

  24. Ben Bee Zee
    Ben Bee Zee on July 29, 2015 at 12:13 pm

    http://198.153.76.147/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1054938&sid=10b5314f9e541851041d9772984524f4#p1054938

    ื ืืš ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื™ืื”ืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืœืืคืคืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ื‘ืขื–”ื” ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ “ื”ืกืชืจื”” ืคื•ื ืขื “ื ืกืชืจ”.

    ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืข ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“’ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœืžืื ื˜ ื ื•ื ื™ืืจืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืœื•ืฆืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื”ืœ. ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“: ืœื–ื›ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืค.ื . ืฆื“ื™ืง ื—ืกื™ื“ ื•ืขื ื™ื• ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืžืจื‘ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืกืคื• ื•ืฆื“ืงืชื• ื ืชื• ื‘ืกืชืจ ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื -ื ืกืชืจ- ื–ื›ืจื• ื•ืฆื“ืงืชื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืจโ€™ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘โ€ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืœืืคืคืขืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขโ€ื– ืฉื ื” ื˜โ€™ ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืจืฆโ€ื• ืชื ืฆื‘โ€ื”.

    ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืืœ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืขืก ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ืš ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ื™ืœื“. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ืขืก ืื–ื ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืคืื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืคื’ืขืคื•ื ืขื ืข ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ‘ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื’ ืฉืคืจืืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจื™ื. ืื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ืจืขื›ื˜ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืืก ื™ืื’ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืข ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื˜ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ “ื ืกืชืจ” ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ื‘ืืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืข ืฆื“ืงื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืกืชืจ’ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขื.

    ืœืžืขืฉื” ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืื›ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ ื ืืจ ื“ืืก ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืืคืฉื˜ืื. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืœ. ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ืชืจืก”ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 77 ื™ืื”ืจ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ 71 ื™ืื”ืจ) ืื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืจืฆ”ื•.

    ื•ื•ืืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืกืชืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื—ืกื“, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ. ืื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืื ื‘ืืœืื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืœืื ื’ืข ื™ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข.

    ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ืจ ืชืจืก”ื”-ื• ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืจื ืคื•ื ืขื ‘ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ $24 ื“ืืœืœืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ืฆืขื˜ืœ ื•ื•ื™ ืก’ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคื•ื ืงื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืž’ื–ืืœ ืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื›ื•ื ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ “ืื“ื”. ื“ื™ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉื˜’ื ืก ืคืืจืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื›ืข ืื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืžืื ืื˜ ืฆื• ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคืจื™ืฉ ืคืขืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืกื•ืžืข ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืฉื•ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ “ืื“ื”.

    ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืคืฆืขืŸ ื™ืื”ืจ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ ื ืื›ื’ืขืคืืœื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกืข ืคืขืœืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืื ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื. ื“ื™ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื“ืงื”. ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– -ื•ื•ืืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืขืจืคืืœื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก- ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืžืขืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืืœืก ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžืื ืื˜ ืืคื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืขืคืœ “ืื“ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืกืชืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ” ื ืื›ืคืืœื’ื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืžืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืืœืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ.

    ื“ืขืจ ื ืืžืขืŸ “ืื“ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืกืชืจ” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืขื ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื ื™ืืจืง, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื– ืž’ื–ืืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื™ืกื™ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ.

    ืื•ื ืชืจืค”ื‘ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœื•ืฆืœื™ื’ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืขื ืข ืื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ “ืื“ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืกืชืจ” ืืœืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืœืืคื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืกืขื•ื•ื“ืื ื™ื ืื“”ื ื•ื•ืืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจ ืž”ื ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜).

    ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืข ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืชืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืข ื“ืืœืœืืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืื“ืืจืคืขื ื“ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื—ืกื“ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื ื•ื ื™ืืจืง.

    ื™ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืš

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